NOTES DEL LLIBRE
Hem optat per publicar les notes del llibre “El futur del menjar” només en format digital. Les podeu consultar a continuació:
INTRODUCCIÓ
| pàg | cita | |
| 11 | 1 | la fam està augmentant: Rosamund Naylor, “The Elusive Goal of Global Food Security,” Current History 117 (2018): 3. Vegeu també “The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World,” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y8jfvy9o. |
| 12 | 2 | Gairebé el 40 per cent: “Health, United States, 2016: With Chartbook on Long-Term Trends in Health,” National Center for Health Statistics, 2017. |
| 13 | 3 | d’almenys 1,5oC : “Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5°C,”Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2018, https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/. |
| 15 | 4 | uns 800 milions de persones encara pateixen: “The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World,” FAO, 2018. |
| 15 | 5 | són 200 milions menys: Linda Poon, “There Are 200 Million FewerHungry People Than 25 Years Ago,” NPR, June 1, 2015. |
| 16 | 6 | gastem al voltant del 13 per cent: Derek Thompson, “How America Spends Money: 100 Years in the Life of the Family Budget,” The Atlantic, Apr. 5, 2012. |
| 16 | 7 | ens han alliberat, en particular: Brent Cunningham, “Pastoral Romance,” Lapham’s Quarterly 4 (2011): 179. |
| 16 | 8 | perjudicant la productivitat agrícola arreu del món: J. R. Porter et al., Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, IPCC (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 485–533. |
| 17 | 9 | un 2 i un 6 per cent: Ibid., 506. |
| 17 | 10 | 1,5 ºC: “Global Warming of 1.5°C,” IPCC, 2018, ttps://tinyurl.com/yb46plrt. |
| 17 | 11 | És com una alarma de fum eixordadora”: Citat a Chris Mooney and Brady Dennis, “The World Has Just Over a Decade to Get Climate Change Under Control, U.N. Scientists Say,” Washington Post, Oct. 7, 2018. |
| 17 | 12 | Altres amenaces –inundacions, tempestes: Comunicació personal, Jerry Hatfield, Set. 2018. |
| 18 | 13 | duplicar l’any 2050,: Porter et al., “Food Security and Food Production Systems,” in Climate Change 2014, 512. |
| 18 | 14 | més de la meitat del seu subministrament de fruites: David Karp, “Most of America’s Fruit Is Now Imported: Is That a Bad Thing?” New York Times, Mar. 13, 2018. |
| 19 | 15 | cap a l’any 1200 aC: Peter W. Stahl, “Structural Density of Domesticated South American Camelid Skeletal Elements and the Archaeological Investigation of Prehistoric Andean Ch’arki,” Journal of Archaeological Science 26 (1999): 1347–1368. |
| 21 | 16 | No es pot pensar bé: Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929). |
capítol 1: UN TAST DEL QUE VINDRÀ
| 29 | 1 | Hi havia llocs religiosos amb temples: Estic en deute amb els arqueòlegs Steve Werneke i Tiffiny Tung de la Universitat de Vanderbilt per haver-me guiat a través de la investigació sobre la història antiga de l’agricultura. |
| 29 | 2 | “No vam domesticar”: Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), 81. A Sapiens Harari ofereix una visió fascinant de l’impacte de l’agricultura en els primers assentaments humans: “Quan els humans van aprendre a cultivar a la Revolució Agrícola, el seu poder col·lectiu per donar forma al seu entorn va augmentar, però la vida de molts humans individuals es va fer més dura. Van haver de treballar més que els recol·lectors per obtenir aliments menys variats i nutritius, i estaven molt més exposats a les malalties i l’explotació”. Ibid, 377. |
| 30 | 3 | Els bioarqueòlegs han trobat lesions: Lori E. Wright and Francisco Chew, “Porotic Hyperostosis and Paleoepidemiology: A Forensic Perspective on Anemia Among the Ancient Maya,” American Anthropologist 100 (1998): 924–939. |
| 30 | 4 | “Cada nova eina agrícola”: Comunicació personal, Ruth DeFries, Sept. 2018. Tinc un gran deute amb DeFries per les idees i la inspiració del seu llibre The Big Ratchet, que explora les tecnologies i les innovacions que han transformat l’agricultura des de les primeres civilitzacions. Ruth DeFries, The Big Ratchet: How Humanity Thrives in the Face of Natural Crisis (New York: Basic Books, 2014). |
| 33 | 5 | el Pentàgon va advertir: Coral Davenport, “Pentagon Signals Security Risks of Climate Change,” New York Times, Oct. 13, 2014. |
| 33 | 6 | havia contribuït a l’esclat de la Primavera Àrab: C. E. Werrell and F. Femia, “The Arab Spring and Climate Change,” Center for Climate and Security, 2013. |
| 34 | 7 | La força de la població: Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (London: St. Paul’s ChurchYard, 1798). |
| 34 | 8 | els químics van descobrir: DeFries, The Big Ratchet. |
| 35 | 9 | el subministrament mundial d’aliments va augmentar un200 per cent: Tim Dyson, “World Food Trends and Prospects to 2025,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 (1999): 5929–5936. |
| 35 | 10 | la població mundial es va més que doblar: Aquest fet àmpliament citat està ben explicat amb gràfics i animacions a worldpopulationhistory.org i https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth. |
| 35 | 11 | menys de la meitat del seu pes total: Comunicació personal, Rosemarie Nold, a professor in the Department of Animal Science at South Dakota State University, Dec. 2018. |
| 36 | 12 | produint més aliments: Paul Roberts, The End of Food: The Coming Crisis in the World Food Industry (London: Bloomsberry, 2008), xi. |
| 36 | 13 | L’agricultura ha alterat els sistemes naturals: Molts textos han explorat com l’agricultura ha transformat els sistemes naturals al llarg del temps, però m’agrada especialment l’informe d’Elizabeth Kolbert sobre aquest tema al capítol “Benvinguts a l’antropocè” del seu llibre The Sixth Extinction (New York: Henry Holt, 2014). |
| 36 | 14 | cinc mil milions d’exemplars de bestiar: “Live Animals,” FAO database, https://tinyurl.com/y9242tar. |
| 37 | 15 | És temptador idealitzar : Comunicació personal, Ruth DeFries, Sept. 2018. |
| 37 | 16 | Més de 800 milions: “The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World,” FAO, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y8jfvy9o. |
| 37 | 17 | un terç dels aliments: “Food Loss and Waste Facts,” FAO, July 22, 2015, https://tinyurl.com/y8twh8nm. |
| 37 | 18 | Floracions d’algues que sufoquen: Allen G. Good and Perrin H. Beatty, “Fertilizing Nature: A Tragedy of Excess in the Commons,” PLOS Biology 9 (2011): 8. |
| 37 | 19 | Els herbicides i fungicides han suprimit: Johann G. Zaller, Florian Heigl, Liliane Reuss, and Andrea Grabmeir, “Glyphosate Herbicide Affects Below ground Interactions Between Earthworms and Symbiotic Mycorrhizal Fungi in a Model Ecosystem,” Scientific Reports 4 (2014). |
| 37 | 20 | Els pesticides han provocat la mort massiva: Chensheng Lu, Kenneth M. Warchol, Richard A. Callahan, et al., “Sub-Lethal Exposure to Neonicotinoids Impaired Honey Bees Winterization Before Proceeding to Colony Collapse Disorder,” Bulletin of Insectology 67 (2014): 125–130. Vegeu també “EPA Actions to Protect Pollinators,” Environmental Protection Agency, https://tinyurl.com/yc6jsceg. |
| 38 | 21 | Del 1960 al 2000: Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo et al.,“Pesticide Use in U.S. Agriculture: 21 Selected Crops, 1960–2008,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, May 2014, https://tinyurl.com/y7qg42aq. |
| 39 | 22 | empobriment de la nutrició: D. R. Davis, M. D. Epp, and H. D. Riordan, “Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition (Dec. 23, 2004): 669–682. |
| 39 | 23 | El consum mitjà de sucre: Michael Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat (New York:Random House, 2013). |
| 39 | 24 | La prevalença de la diabetis ha augmentat un 700 per cent: Gary Taubes, “Why Nutrition Is So Confusing,” New York Times, Feb. 8, 2014. |
| 39 | 25 | sobrealimentades i malnodrides: “Double Burden of Malnutrition,” World Health Organization, https://tinyurl.com/y7mwlzy6. |
| 41 | 26 | encara ningú ha descobert: Bee Wilson, “The Last Bite,” The New Yorker, May 19, 2008. |
| 42 | 27 | la tecnologia aplicada als aliments: Calestous Juma, professor de la Kennedy School of Government de Harvard, va escriure un llibre valuós sobre la por a la tecnologia ja que es relaciona amb molts aspectes de la cultura, des de l’agricultura fins a la música.: Innovation and Its Enemies: Why People Resist New Technologies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016). |
| 42 | 28 | casos de càncer de mama: Barbara A. Cohn et al., “DDT Exposure in Utero and Breast Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100 (2015): 2865–2872. |
| 42 | 29 | el glifosat era una amenaça: Daniel Cressey, “Widely Used Herbicide Linked to Cancer” Scientific American, Mar. 25, 2015, https://tinyurl.com/y7ej4c43. |
| 42 | 30 | vinculats al trastorn d’hiperactivitat: D. McCann et al., “Food Additives and Hyperactive Behaviour in 3-Year-Old and 8/9-Year-Old Children in the Community: A Randomised, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Lancet 370 (2007): 1560–1567. Vegeu també Rebecca Harrington, “Does Artificial Food Coloring Contribute to ADHD in Children?” Scientific American,Apr. 27, 2015, https://tinyurl.com/h57lv4z. |
| 43 | 31 | no ha complert les expectatives: Danny Hakim, “Doubts About the Promised Bounty of Genetically Modified Crops,” New York Times, Oct. 29, 2016. |
| 43 | 32 | propera revolució verda: Tim Folger, “The Next Green Revolution,” National Geographic, Sept. 2013. |
| 44 | 33 | La fractura: El periodista Charles Mann ha escrit una excel·lent investigació històrica sobre aquesta fractura: The Wizard and the Prophet (New York:Alfred A. Knopf, 2018). |
| 44 | 34 | llibre recent: Chris Newman, “Clean Food: If You Want to Save the World, Get Over Yourself,” Medium, Jan. 28, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y7nsbyy4. |
capítol 2: ELS CAMPS DE LA MORT
| 49 | 1 | Cap hort empitjora”: Robert Frost, “Good-bye, and Keep Cold,” in The Poetry of Robert Frost, ed. Edward Connery Lathem (New York: Holt Paperbacks, 1979). |
| 55 | 2 | l’any 1000 aC, les llavors: Naibin Duan, Yang Bai et al., “Genome Re-sequencing Reveals the History of Apple and Supports a Two-Stage Model for Fruit Enlargement,” Nature Communications 8 (Aug. 15, 2017): |
| 55 | 3 | Milers de varietats originals Michael Pollan també ofereix una història clara de la domesticació de pomeres The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s Eye View of the World (New York: Random House, 2002). |
| 55 | 4 | espirituós i picant : H. D. Thoreau, “Wild Apples,” The Atlantic Monthly 10 (Nov. 1862), https://tinyurl.com/y8oavrpu. |
| 55 | 5 | Les pomes són heterozigotes: Rebecca Rupp, “The History of the ‘Forbidden’Fruit,” National Geographic, July 2014. |
| 56 | 6 | s’empelten: Ed Yowell, “Our Disappearing Apples,” The Atlantic, Nov. 22, 2010. |
| 56 | 7 | més pesticides i fungicides: “2017 Agricultural Chemical Use: Fruit Crops,” Agricultural Chemical Use Program of USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service (July 2018). |
| 56 | 8 | de sis a dotze mesos: “Just How Old Are the ‘Fresh’ Fruit and Vegetables We Eat?” Guardian, July 13, 2003. |
| 57 | 9 | poca o cap disminució de l’activitat antioxidant: Addie A. van der Sluis et al., “Polyphenolic Antioxidants in Apples. Effect of Storage Conditions on Four Cultivars,” Acta horticulturae 600 (Mar. 2003). |
| 57 | 10 | 40 per cent dels antioxidants d’una poma disminueixen: Andrea Tarozzi, Alessandra Marchesi, Giorgio Cantelli-Forti, and Patrizia Hrelia, “Cold-Storage Affects Antioxidant Properties of Apples in Caco-2 Cells,” Journal of Nutrition 134, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 1105–1109. |
| 57 | 11 | indústria que mou 4.000 milions de dòlars: “Apple Industry at-a-Glance,” U.S. Apple Association, https://tinyurl.com/ya7x5tnh. |
| 57 | 12 | prové de la Xina: “Crops (2016): Apple Quantity Production by Country,” FAO database, https://tinyurl.com/l345lur. |
| 59 | 13 | 6 milions el 1910: E. Dana Durand and William. J. Harris, “Chapter 1:Farms and Farm Property,” in Agriculture 1909 and 1910, Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, https://tinyurl.com/ycrp4q94. |
| 59 | 14 | 2 milions avui: “2012 Census Volume 1, Chapter 1: U.S. National Level Data,” USDA, 2012, https://tinyurl.com/jm2u4xe. |
| 59 | 15 | Els que treballen a la terra: Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (London: John Stockdale, 1787), 208. |
| 60 | 16 | L’edat mitjana d’un agricultor: USDA, 2012. |
| 60 | 17 | 1 per cent de la població: “Employment by Major Industry Sector,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016, https://tinyurl.com/ycecorbf. |
| 60 | 18 | 40 per cent de la terra: “2012 Census of Agriculture: Farms and Farmland,” USDA, 2014, https://tinyurl.com/y97c58f3. |
| 65 | 19 | 800 i 1800 unitats: Agraeixo a Amaya Atucha, de la Universitat de Wisconsin–Madison, per guiar-me a través de la ciència que hi ha darrere del cicle de vida, les necessitats de fred i les tendències de floració dels arbres fruiters al nord de l’Oest Mitjà que trobem a la web del programa UW Fruit, un excel·lent recurs per obtenir informació sobre les temperatures crítiques per a les etapes de brots de fruites dels arbres, https://fruit.wisc.edu/. El Dr. Greg Lang, professor de ciències de l’horticultura a la Universitat Estatal de Michigan, i el Dr. James Luby, de la Universitat de Minnesota, també van ser fonamentals per explicar els impactes del canvi climàtic en la producció d’arbres fruiters al nord de l’Oest Mitjà. |
| 67 | 20 | massacre del préssec de Sant Valentí: Patrick Farrell, “Yes, We Have No Peaches,” New York Times, Aug. 1, 2016. |
| 69 | 21 | rebutjava rotundament el que diu la ciència sobre el canvi climàtic: Oliver Milman, “Donald Trump Would Be World’s Only National Leader to Reject Climate Science,” Guardian, July 12, 2016. |
| 69 | 22 | El mapa dels estats: “Presidential Election Results: Donald J. Trump Wins,” New York Times, Aug. 9, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/kvkqlfq. |
| 71 | 23 | per primera vegada el 2016: Jeff Andresen, “Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region,” Great Lakes Integrated Sciences Assessments, July 2014, https://tinyurl.com/y5elw7bn. |
| 72 | 24 | seleccionant les característiques dels préssecs de «baix refredament»: Els detalls sobre la investigació sobre la millora del préssec del Dr. José Chaparro es poden trobar en línia a la web de l’University of Florida Horticultural Sciences Department, https://tinyurl.com/y94qfl3t. |
| 73 | 25 | més de 30 l/m2 de pluja: El Dr. Jerry Hatfield em va guiar a través dels detalls de la seva investigació, una visió general de la qual es pot trobar a https://tinyurl.com/y74qnqd8. Hatfield explica encara més les seves troballes en una presentació de la Universitat de Minnesota, “Climate Change Affecting Agriculture,” https://tinyurl.com/ya4x8urc. |
| 73 | 26 | les plantes s’han de refredar: Anthony W. King, Carla A. Gunderson, Wilfred M. Post, David J. Weston, and Stan D. Wullschleger, “Plant Respiration in a Warmer World,” Science 312 (Apr. 28, 2006): 536–537. |
| 74 | 27 | el “New Dust Bowl”: Laura Parker, “Parched: A New Dust Bowl Forms inthe Heartland,” National Geographic, May 2014. |
| 74 | 28 | Els pagaments de les assegurances dels conreus: “EWG’s Farm SubsidyDatabase: Crop Insurance,” Environmental Working Group, https://tinyurl.com/y776kyao. |
| 74 | 29 | augmentarien entre 2,8 i 4 graus centígrads: “Interior Department Releases Report Underscoring Impacts of Climate Change on Western Water Resources,” U.S. Department of the Interior, Mar. 22, 2016. |
| 74 | 30 | forta disminució de la capa de neu: Ibid. |
| 74 | 31 | Estem començant a entendre: Margaret Walsh va dirigir un dels primers estudis exhaustius produïts sobre els impactes de les tendències d’escalfament en la producció d’aliments; vegeu “The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, LandResources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity in the United States,” U.S.Climate Change Science Program Assessment Product 4.3 (May 2008). |
| 75 | 32 | La cistella de fruites, el bol d’amanida: Matt Black, “The Dry Land,” The New Yorker, Sept. 22, 2014. |
| 76 | 33 | Més de dues-centes mil hectàrees de conreu Phillip Reese, “Study: California Farmers to Fallow 560,000 Acres of Crops This Year,” Sacramento Bee, July 2, 2015. Vegeu també aquest article guanyador del premi Pulitzer sobre els impactes d’aquests camps en guaret als agricultors de Califòrnia: Diana Marcum, “Scenes from California’s Dust Bowl,” Los Angeles Times, Dec. 10, 2014. |
| 76 | 34 | recórrer al xarop de sucre: Ezra David Romero, “Drought Is Driving Beekeepers and Their Hives from California,” The Salt, NPR, Sept. 29,2015. |
| 76 | 35 | xoc tèrmic: El doctor Jason Londo, científic de la Unitat de Recerca de Genètica del Raïm de l’USDA, va explicar els impactes del canvi climàtic en els horts i la viticultura. Vegeu també Jason Londo, “Characterization of Wild North American Grapevine Cold Hardiness Using Differential Thermal Analysis,” American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 68, no. 2 (2017): 203–212. |
| 76 | 36 | més d’un 10 per cent: “Extreme weather to blame as France’s wine out- put set to fall by 12%,” The Guardian, Aug. 30, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yxdhpxb3. |
| 76 | 37 | preus més alts de la seva història: Emiko Terazono, “Australia’s bushfires drive sheep meat prices to record highs,” Financial Times, Jan. 28, 2020, https://tinyurl.com/qve2asv. |
| 76 | 38 | passat factura a les plantacions d’alvocats: Nathanael Johnson, “Are avocados toast? California farmers bet on what we’ll be eating in 2050,” Wired, May 24,2018, https://tinyurl.com/y752qsvw. |
| 76 | 39 | festucs de l’Iran: Eric Randolph,“Iran’s Pistachio Farms Are Dying of Thirst,” Phys.org, Sept. 4, 2016, https://tinyurl.com/y8rzp9pb. |
| 76 | 40 | d’hectàrees d’oliveres a Itàlia: “A pathogen is destroying Italy’s olive trees,” CBS News, Mar. 10, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y2bzfgmt. |
| 77 | 41 | xocolata havia estat amenaçada: Michon Scott, “Climate and Chocolate,” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Feb. 10, 2016. |
| 77 | 42 | afectant les plantacions dels països clau: Corey Watts, “A Brewing Storm: The Climate Change Risks to Coffee,” Climate Institute, 2016. |
| 77 | 43 | reduirà a la meitat: Ibid., 6. |
| 77 | 44 | desenvolupen una sèrie de respostes: “Annual Report 2017: Creating the Future of Coffee,” World Coffee Research, 2017. |
| 80 | 45 | ventiladors de gelades: Ross Courtney, “Arctic Armor: Methods of Combating Frost,” Good Fruit Grower, Sept. 6, 2017. |
| 82 | 46 | desenvolupament de «crioprotectors»: Alabama Extension System, “Methods of Freeze Protection for Fruit Crops,” Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities, 2000. |
| 82 | 47 | obtenint «reguladors de creixement»:Amy Irish-Brown and Phil Schwallier, “Setting Apples with Plant Growth Regulators,” Michigan State University Extension, May 9, 2017. |
capítol 3: LES LLAVORS DE LA SEQUERA
| 88 | 1 | meitat de les calories que es consumeixen: Haradhan Kumar Mohajan,“Food and Nutrition Scenario of Kenya,” American Journal of Food and Nutrition 2 (2014): 28–38. |
| 95 | 2 | les pitjors sequeres de la història: “Ethiopia Crisis,” U.S. Agency for International Development, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/yavkfo7w. |
| 95 | 3 | dotze milions de persones: “U.N. Calls for More Funds to Save Lives Across Horn of Africa,” UN News, July 29, 2011. |
| 96 | 4 | Deu milions estaven rebent ajuda alimentària d’emergència: Michael Klaus, “UNICEF Responds to Horn of Africa Food Crisis That Has Left 2 Million Children Malnourished,” UNICEF, July 11, 2011. |
| 96 | 5 | 2,4 milions de kenyans: “Country Brief: Kenya,” FAO, May 8, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y7qq72j8. |
| 96 | 6 | xocs ambientals consecutius: Eric Ombok, “Coronavirus Seen Dou bling Need for Food Aid in East Africa,” Bloomberg, Mar. 20, 2020, https://tinyurl.com/ybv7jkgo – |
| 96 | 7 | Les glaceres del mont Kenya: “Kenya: Atlas of Our Changing Environment,” United Nations Environment Programme, 2009. Vegeu també Rupi Managat, “The Vanishing Glaciers of Mt. Kenya,” The East African, Jan. 14, 2017. |
| 97 | 8 | tres milions de camells: Andrea Dijkstra, “Kenyans Turn to Camels to Cope with Climate Change,” Deutsche Welle, Apr. 24, 2017. |
| 98 | 9 | La majoria dels agricultors: Comunicació personal, Robb Fraley, Jan. 2016. |
| 99 | 10 | DroughtTego tenen alteracions en els gens: Estic en deute amb Pamela Ronald, científica vegetal de la UC Davis, per les seves explicacions detallades sobre la distinció entre plantes modificades genèticament i plantes modificades genèticament. Tot i que les llavors de Tego es desenvolupen mitjançant l’anàlisi del genoma i tècniques de reproducció assistida per marcadors, no es modifiquen amb un gen d’una espècie vegetal o animal diferent. Ronald descriu les virtuts tant de l’enginyeria genètica com de la modificació en el llibre que va escriure amb el seu marit, Raoul Adamchak, un agricultor orgànic: Tomorrow’s Table: Organic Farming, Genetics, and the Future of Food (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). |
| 99 | 11 | El govern va prohibir : K. Snipes and C. Kamau, “Kenya Bans Genetically Modified Food Imports,” USDA Foreign Agricultural Service,Nov. 2012. |
| 99 | 12 | Dels cinquanta-quatre països: Steven Cerier, “Led by Nigeria, Africa Opening Door to Genetically Modified Crop Cultivation,” Genetic Literacy Project,Mar. 6, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/ycl5cx63. |
| 99 | 13 | un nombre creixent: Tamar Haspel, “The Last Thing Africa Needs to Be Debating Is GMOs,” Washington Post, May 22, 2015, https://tinyurl.com/yaw9sxo4. Vegeu també MacDonald Dzirutwe, “Africa Takes Fresh Look at GMO Crops as Drought Blights Continent,” Reuters, Jan. 7, 2016, https://tinyurl.com/y7sqsswm. |
| 102 | 14 | l’evolució primerenca del blat i l’ordi: Jared Diamond, “Evolution, Consequences and Future of Plant and Animal Domestication,” Nature 418(2002): 700–707. |
| 15 | George Beadle, va descobrir: Sean B. Carroll, “Tracking the Ancestry of Corn Back 9,000 Years,” New York Times, May 24, 2010. | |
| 16 | trenta milions de calories per hectàrea: Tamar Haspel, “In Defense of Corn, theWorld’s Most Important Food Crop,” Washington Post, July 12, 2015. | |
| 104 | 17 | gens de l’arna cecròpia: E. E. Borejsza-Wysocka, M. Malnoy, H. S. Aldwinckle, S. V. Beer, J. L. Norelli, and S. H. He, “Strategies for Obtaining Fire Blight Resistance in Apple by rDNA Technology,” Acta horticulturae 738 (2007): 283–285. |
| 105 | 18 | DroughtTela, la versió transgènica: Comunicació personal, Fraley. |
| 105 | 19 | 90 per cent del blat de moro: “Recent Trends in GE Adoption,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2018. |
| 105 | 20 | L’empresa ha donat: Comunicació personal, Fraley. |
| 107 | 21 | El setanta per cent: Alison Moodie, “GMO Food Labels Are Coming to More US Grocery Shelves—Are Consumers Ready?” Guardian, Mar. 24, 2016. |
| 107 | 22 | 200 milions d’hectàrees: “Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2017,” International Service for the Acquisition of Agribiotech Applications (ISAAA), 2018. |
| 107 | 23 | més hectàrees: Ibid., 6. |
| 107 | 24 | Els fabricants d’aliments alterats genèticament: Martha R. Herbert, “Feasting on the Unknown,” Chicago Tribune, Sept. 3, 2000. |
| 108 | 25 | estudi científic important per connectar els transgènics amb el càncer,: Gilles-Eric Séralini Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, and Joël Spirouxde Vendômois, “Long Term Toxicity of a Roundup Herbicide and a Roundup-Tolerant Genetically Modified Maize,” Food and Chemical Toxicology 50 (2012): 4221–4231. |
| 109 | 26 | un llibre autoacusatiu: Mark Lynas, Seeds of Science: Why We Got It So Wrong on GMOs (New York: Bloomsbury Sigma, 2018). |
| 109 | 27 | L’argument contra els transgènics: Tamar Haspel, “The Public Doesn’t Trust GMOs: Will It Trust CRISPR?” Vox, July 26, 2018. |
| 109 | 28 | els científics van començar a dissenyar enzims: Siddhartha Mukherjee ofereix una història interessant i accessible de l’edició de gens a The Gene: An Intimate History (New York: Scribner, 2016). For a deeper dive into the science, Vegeu també Susan Aldridge, The Thread of Life: The Story of Genes and Genetic Engineering (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). |
| 110 | 29 | els científics van utilitzar CRISPR per esborrar el VIH: Alice Park, “HIV Genes Have Been Cut Out of Live Animals Using CRISPR,” Time, May 19, 2016. |
| 110 | 30 | ADN netejat d’un virus letal: Kelly Servick, “Gene-Editing Method Revives Hopes for Transplanting Pig Organs into People,” Science, Oct. 11, 2015. |
| 112 | 31 | la meitat dels nord-americans: Cary Funk, “About half of U.S. adults are wary of Health effects of genetically modified foods, but many also see advantages,” Pew Research Center, Mar. 18, 2020. |
| 112 | 32 | Les empreses que produeixen marques no transgèniques: Michael Gerson, “Are You Anti-GMO? Then You’re Anti-science, Too,” Washington Post, May 3, 2018. |
| 113 | 33 | és deu vegades menor: Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo, Seth Wechsler, Mike Livingston, and Lorraine Mitchell, “Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Feb. 2014. |
| 113 | 34 | papaies dissenyades genèticament: Carol Kaesuk Yoon, Stalked by Deadly Virus, Papaya Lives to Breed Again,” New York Times, July 20, 1999. |
| 113 | 35 | arròs submarinista: Drake Baer, “Bill Gates Is Betting on a Strain of Rice That Can Survive Floods,” Business Insider, Sept. 2, 2015. |
| 114 | 36 | article d’una científica de Zimbabwe: Nyasha Mudukuti, “We May Starve,but at Least We’ll Be GMO-Free,” Wall Street Journal, Mar. 10, 2016. |
| 119 | 37 | 40 per cent: Comunicació personal, Dr. Dickson Liyago, July 2016. |
| 119 | 38 | pol·len de blat de moro transgènic: Tom Clarke, “Monarchs Safe from Bt,” Nature, Sept. 12, 2001. |
| 121 | 39 | 95 per cent de la seva aigua: J. M. Farrant, K. Cooper, A. Hilgart, K .O. Abdalla, J. Bentley, J. A. Thomson, H .J. Dace, N. Peton, S. G. Mundree, and M. S. Rafudeen, “A Molecular Physiological Review of Vegetative Desiccation Tolerance in the Resurrection Plant Xerophyta viscosa,” Planta 242 (2015): 407–426. |
| 122 | 40 | gens de “resurrecció”: David Shamah, “ ‘Hibernating’ Crops May Be Science’s Cure for Drought,” Times of Israel, Aug. 29, 2013. |
| 122 | 41 | planta de soja modificada amb gens: Liliana Samuel, “Drought-Resistant Argen-tine Soy Raises Hopes, Concerns,” Phys.org, Apr. 27, 2012. Vegeu també Lizzie Wade, “Argentina May Have Figured Out How to Get GMOs Right,” Wired, Oct. 28, 2015. |
capítol 4 : ROBO-COLLITA
pàg
| 130 | 1 | va matar unes 15.000 persones: Alan Taylor, “Bhopal: The World’s Worst Industrial Disaster, 30 Years Later,” The Atlantic, Dec. 2, 2014, https://tinyurl.com/y967zce9. |
| 130 | 2 | castrava granotes mascles: Tyrone B. Hayes et al., “Atrazine Induces Complete Feminization and Chemical Castration in Male African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis),” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 10 (Mar. 9, 2010): 4612–4617. |
| 131 | 3 | més de 20.000 quilòmetres quadrats: “Gulf of Mexico ‘Dead Zone’ Is the Largest Ever Measured” (media release), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Aug. 2, 2017, https://bit.ly/2vtOOnF. |
| 131 | 4 | Els fertilitzants químics: Ly Truong and Claire Press, “Making Food CropsThat Feed Themselves,” BBC, June 8, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/yafaelba. |
| 131 | 5 | «síndrome del nadó blau»:,Clay Masters, “Iowa’s Nasty Water War,” Politico, Jan. 21, 2016, https://tinyurl.com/y7vcq6mj. |
| 131 | 6 | Diversos estudis acadèmics recents: Ying Zhang et al., “Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and Neurobehavioral Development of Neonates: A Birth Cohort Study in Shenyang, China,” PLOS ONE (2014). Vegeu també Stephen A. Rauch et al., “Associations of Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticide Metabolites with Gestational Age and Birth Weight,” Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (2012): 1055–1060. |
| 131 | 7 | la majoria de les investigacions de toxicologia.: “Pesticide Residues in Food,” World Health Organization, Feb. 19, 2018. Vegeu també Lois Swirsky Gold et al., “Pesticide Residues in Food and Cancer Risk: A Critical Analysis,” in Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, ed. R. Krieger, 2d ed. (San Diego: Academic Press, 2001), 799–843. |
| 134 | 8 | una cinquena part de tot l’enciam: Comunicació personal, Jorge Heraud, Jan. 2018. |
| 140 | 9 | elegants mestres d’adaptació: Richard Mabey, Weeds: In Defense of Nature’s Most Unloved Plants (New York: Ecco/HarperCollins, 2011). |
| 140 | 10 | el Genghis khan de les males herbes: Travis Legleiter and Bill Johnson, “Palmer Amaranth Biology, Identification, and Management,” Purdue Extension,Nov. 2013, https://tinyurl.com/ycqqlncj. Vegeu també Brooke Borel, “Weeds Are Winning the War Against Herbicide Resistance,” Scientific American, June 18, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/yczrj2t8. |
| 141 | 11 | un agricultor de cotó d’Arkansas: Tom Barber, professor of weed science for the Crop, Soil and Environmental Science Department at the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, generously explained the history and science of pigweed and Roundup resistance. Vegeu també Ryan McGeeney, “As Arkansas Growers Struggle with Increasingly Resistant Weeds, State Weighs Labeling,” University of Alabama Division of Agriculture Research and Extension, Nov. 21, 2016. |
| 141 | 12 | infesten 35 milions d’hectàrees de conreus :Carey Gillam, “EPA Approves Dow’s Enlist Herbicide for GMOs,” Scientific American, 2014, https://tinyurl.com/ycrckvvq. |
| 141 | 13 | milions d’hectàrees de cultius veïns: Eric Lipton, “Crops in 25 States Damaged by Unintended Drift of Weed Killer,” New York Times, Nov. 1, 2017. |
| 141 | 14 | el desacord va acabar en assassinat: Marianne McCune, “A Pesticide, a Pigweed and a Farmer’s Murder,” NPR, June 14, 2017, https://tinyurl.com /y8yvhy7a. |
| 146 | 15 | el món ha perdut un terç del sòl cultivable: “Status of the World’s Soil Resources,” FAO 2015, https://tinyurl.com/yao7z4ue. Vegeu també F. Nachtergaele, R. Biancalani, and M. Petri, “Land Degradation: SOLAW Background Thematic Report 3,” FAO, 2011, https://tinyurl.com/y8ysv43x. |
| 146 | 16 | més de cinc-cents milions de quilos: Michael C. R. Alvanja, “Pesticides Use and Exposure Extensive Worldwide,” Reviews on Environmental Health 24, no. 4 (2009): 303–309. |
| 146 | 17 | producte de la investigació sobre armes biològiques: Daniel Charles, Master Mind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare (New York: Ecco/HarperCollins, 2005). Vegeu també Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich’s episode of Radiolab titled “How Do You Solve a Problem Like Fritz Haber?” in which they grapple with the good and evil that has come from Haber’s work, WNYC, 2012, https://tinyurl.com/y7hq7hyg. |
| 147 | 18 | es va multiplicar per més de quinze: Brett Cherry, “GM Crops Increase Herbicide Use in the United States,” Science in Society 45 (2010): 44–46. |
| 147 | 19 | va augmentar un 500 per cent: Paul J. Mills, Izabela Kania-Korwel, John Fagan, Linda K. McEvoy, Gail A. Laughlin, and Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, “Excretion of the Herbicide Glyphosate in Older Adults Between 1993 and 2016,” Journal of the American Medical Association 318, no. 16 (2017): 1610–1611. |
| 147 | 20 | el glifosat en alts nivells és un «probable carcinogen: “Glyphosate Issue Paper: Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential,” Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, Sept. 12, 2016. Vegeu també L. N. Vandenberg, B. Blumberg, M. N. Antoniou et al., “Is It Time to Reassess Current Safety Standards for Glyphosate-Based Herbicides?” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 71, no. 6 (2017): 613–618. |
| 147 | 21 | han relacionat nivells elevats: Dandan Yan, Yunjian Zhang, Liegang Liu, and Hong Yan, “Pesticide Exposure and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Scientific Reports 6 (2016). Vegeu també Jane A. Hoppin et al., “Pesticides Are Associated with Allergic and Non-Allergic Wheeze Among Male Farmers,” Environmental Health Perspectives 125, no. 4 (Apr. 2017): 535–543; and Marys F. Bouchard et al., “Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides,” Pediatrics 125, no. 6 (June 2010): 1270–1277. |
| 147 | 22 | danyar la microbiologia del sòl: Johann G. Zaller, Florian Heigl, Liliane Ruess, and Andrea Grabmaier, “Glyphosate Herbicide Affects Belowground Interactions Between Earthworms and Symbiotic Mycorrhizal Fungi in a Model Ecosystem,” Scientific Reports 4 (2014). |
| 148 | 23 | sobreestimular els microbis del sòl: Christopher Ratzke, Jonas Sebastian Denk, and Jeff Gore, “Ecological Suicide in Microbes,” Nature Ecology and Evolution 2 (2018): 867–872. |
| 148 | 24 | deu vegades més ràpidament: S. Lang, “ ‘Slow, Insidious’ Soil Erosion Threatens Human Health and Welfare as Well as the Environment, Cornell Study Asserts,” Cornell Chronicle, Mar. 20, 2006, https://tinyurl.com/y7j928jr. |
| 149 | 25 | l’aparició dels herbicides: David R. Huggins and John P. Reganold, “No-Till: The Quiet Revolution,” Scientific American, July 2008. |
| 150 | 26 | una cinquena part de les terres de cultiu: Elizabeth Creech, “Saving Money, Time and Soil: The Economics of No-Till Agriculture Farming,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Nov. 30, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/yadsfvjn. Vegeu també A. Kassam, T. Friedrich, R. Derpsch, and J. Kienzle, “Overview of the Worldwide Spread of Conservation Agriculture,” Field Actions Science Reports 8 (2015), https://tinyurl.com/y8q7oxmk |
| 150 | 27 | milers de milions de microbis: Elaine R. Ingham, “Soil Bacteria,” USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, https://tinyurl.com/y8u6sk9u. Vegeu també Mike Amaranthus and Bruce Allyn, “Healthy Soil Microbes, Healthy People,” The Atlantic, June 11, 2013, https://tinyurl.com/ydgf3oox. |
| 150 | 28 | protegir la salut del sòl: Vegeu també David R. Montgomery, Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). Montgomery demonstrates the way poor soil stewardship has time and time again undermined the success of civilizations since the dawn of humankind. |
| 151 | 29 | centenars de milions de dòlars: Tom Simonite, “Why John Deere Just Spent $305 Million on a Lettuce Farming Robot,” Wired, Sept. 6, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/ycnko3r2. |
| 153 | 30 | moviment del dret a la reparació,: “A ‘Right to Repair’ Movement Tools Up,” The Economist, Sept. 30, 2017. |
capítol 5 : SENSOR I SENSIBILITAT
| 159 | 1 | La tecnologia hauria de servir la humanitat,Quoted in Nanette Byers, “Tim Cook: Technology Should Serve Humanity, Not the Other Way Around,” MIT Technology Review, June 9, 2017. |
| 160 | 2 | el principal productor d’aliments del món: “Production Indices: Visualize Data,” FAO database, https://tinyurl.com/y725a4vg. |
| 160 | 3 | la publicació empresarial xinesa Caixin: Ma Yuan, Zheng Fei, Liu Ran, and Rong Tiankun, “Hedge Funds Bet on Organic Farming in China,” Caixin online, Mar. 14,2013, https://tinyurl.com/y8uc5xaq. |
| 161 | 4 | terres de cultiu crucials: Kaifang Shi et al., “Urban Expansion and Agricultural Land Loss in China: A Multiscale Perspective,” Sustainability 8 (2016), https://tinyurl.com/ydytatub. |
| 161 | 5 | més de la meitat del seu menjar d’explotacions agràrieslocals: Comunicació personal, Junshi Chen, May 2014. |
| 162 | 6 | ciutat de 24 milions d’habitants «inhabitable»: Brook Larmer, “How Do You Keep Your Kids Healthy in Smog-Choked China?” New York Times, Apr. 16, 2015. |
| 162 | 7 | nivell màxim de seguretat que recomana l’OMS.: Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “Don’t Call It ‘Smog’ in Beijing, Call It a ‘Meteorological Disaster,’ ” New York Times, Dec. 15, 2016. |
| 162 | 8 | Una quarta part dels llacs i rius: “2007 Water Resources of the Yellow River Bulletin,” Ministry of Water Resources, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, https://tinyurl.com/ya6hdj28. Vegeu també David Stanway, “Pollution Makes Quarter of China Water Unusable: Ministry,” Reuters, July 26, 2010, https://tinyurl.com/y8ohrfgw. |
| 162 | 9 | nivells «de mitjans a alts»”: Daniel Shemie, Kari Vigerstol, Mu Quan, and Wang Longzhu, “China’s New Opportunity: Water Funds,” The Nature Conservancy, 2016, https://tinyurl.com/ya9bbuqa. |
| 162 | 10 | 20 per cent de les terres de conreu del país: “The Bad Earth: The Most Neglected Threat to Public Health in China Is Toxic Soil,” The Economist, June 8, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/ybt976kp. |
| 163 | 11 | una unitat especial de policia: Comunicació personal, Chen. Vegeu també John Balzano, “The Food Police: China Proposes a Plan for a Special Unit for Food and Drug Safety Violations,” Forbes, Apr. 20, 2014. |
| 163 | 12 | arsènic en suc de poma: Karlynn Fronek, “Concerns Surrounding Imported Fruit Juice from China,” Food Quality and Safety, June 12, 2014, https://tinyurl.com/y77e3fwt. |
| 163 | 13 | les autoritats han executat dos treballadors: Tania Branigan, “China Executes Two for Tainted Milk Scandal,” Guardian, Nov. 24, 2009. |
| 163 | 14 | dos-cents milions de xinesos: Comunicació personal, Chen, May 2014. Vegeu també Yanzhong Huang, “China’s Worsening Food Safety Crisis,” The Atlantic, Aug. 28, 2012. |
| 163 | 15 | 200 milions d’explotacions a la xina: Tracy McMillan, “How China Plans to Feed 1.4 Billion Growing Appetites,” National Geographic, Feb. 2018. Vegeu també “Employment in Agriculture (% of Total Employment),” World Bank Database, retrieved Sept. 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y7v6y2by. |
| 168 | 16 | més d’una quarta part de l’arròs: “The Bad Earth: The Most Neglected Threat to Public Health,” 2017. |
| 170 | 17 | 100 metres cúbics d’aigua a l’any: “Thirsty Beijing to Raise Water Prices in Conservation Push,” Reuters, Apr. 29, 2014. |
| 170 | 18 | 2.840 metres cúbics que consumeixen els ciutadans nord-americans: Mark Fischetti, “How Much Water Do Nations Consume?” Scientific American, May 21, 2012. |
| 172 | 19 | una cinquena part de les terres de conreu: Scott Neuman, “China Admits That One-Fifth of Its Farmland Is Contaminated,” NPR, Apr. 18, 2014. |
| 172 | 20 | el 2016, els residus químics: Javier C. Hernandez, “Chinese Parents Outraged After Illnesses at School Are Tied to Pollution,” New York Times, Apr. 18, 2016. |
| 173 | 21 | l’hepatitis A, la febre tifoide i certs càncers: Yonglong Lu, Shuai Song, Ruoshi Wang, Zhaoyang Liu, Jing Meng, Andrew J. Sweetman, Alan Jenkins, Robert C. Ferrier, Hong Li, Wei Luo, and Tieyu Wang, “Impacts of Soil and Water Pollution on Food Safety and Health Risks in China,” Environment International 77 (April 2015): 5–15. |
| 173 | 22 | a emetre un pla: David Stanway, “China to Make More Polluted Land Safer for Agriculture by 2020,” Reuters, Feb. 4, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/ycx2g544. |
| 173 | 23 | desplegar un regiment: Samuel Osborne, “China Reassigns 60,000 Soldiers to Plant Trees in Bid to Fight Pollution,” Independent, Feb. 13, 2018,https://tinyurl.com/yccddz6d. |
| 173 | 24 | la fitoremediació és molt difícil d’implementar: Comunicació personal, Yonglong Lu, Oct. 2018. |
| 174 | 25 | cultius que no absorbeixin toxines: Haiyang Liu, Miao Ren, Jiao Qu, Yue Feng, Xiangmeng Song, Qian Zhang, Qiao Cong, and Xing Yuan, “A Cost-Effective Method for Recycling Carbon and Metals in Plants: Synthesizing Nanomaterials,” Environmental Science: Nano 2 (2017), https://tinyurl.com/yab4pqal. Vegeu també Hillary Rosner, “Turning Genetically Engineered Trees into Toxic Avengers,” New York Times, Aug. 3, 2004. |
| 174 | 26 | 36.000 dòlars per hectàrea,: “China Needs Patience to Fight Costly War Against Soil Pollution: Government,” Reuters, June 22, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/yc94j9v7. |
| 174 | 27 | 100.000 hectàrees de terres de conreu molt contaminades: “Report Sounds Alarm on Soil Pollution,” FAO, May 2, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/ybg9bwxk. |
| 174 | 28 | l’ús de pesticides s’ha més que duplicat: FAO data on mainland Chinese pesticide use 1991–2016 can be found at https://tinyurl.com/ycstwdre. |
| 177 | 29 | tres vegades més cars: “China, Peoples Republic of: Organics Report,” USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN Report Number 10046, Oct. 26, 2010, https://tinyurl.com/y9uxxx5v. Vegeu també Michelle Winglee, “China’s Organics Market, Beset by Obstacles, Is Still Taking Off,” Foreign Policy, Sept. 21, 2016, https://tinyurl.com/y8ztalne. |
| 179 | 30 | van superar els 7.000 milions de dòlars: Comunicació personal, Jay Wang, Oct. 2018. |
| 179 | 31 | les certificacions orgàniques es van més que duplicar: Ibid.: Ibid.: Ibid. |
| 179 | 32 | triplicat la despesa en seguretat alimentària: Gail Sullivan, “Wal-Mart to Triple Food Safety Spending in China After Donkey Meat Disaster,” Washington Post, July 17, 2014. |
| 179 | 33 | Kroger va anunciar recentment: Liza Lin and Heather Haddon, “Kroger to Sell Groceries on Alibaba Site in China,” Wall Street Journal, Aug. 14, 2018. |
| 180 | 34 | 200 milions de dòlars a Plenty: Leanna Garfield, “A Jeff Bezos–Backed Warehouse Farm Startup Is Building 300 Indoor Farms Across China,” Business Insider, Jan. 23, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y72nk9zs. |
| 180 | 35 | 2020 hauria construït: Ibid. |
| 180 | 36 | 450 milions d’hectàrees: “Farms and Land in Farms 2017 Summary,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Feb. 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y7vdhu45. |
| 181 | 37 | Una de les empreses d’agricultura vertical més grans del món: Andrew Buncombe, “AeroFarms: Work Starts to Build World’s Largest Vertical Urban Farm in Newark,” Independent, Apr. 28, 2015, https://tinyurl.com/y7fp3dko. |
capítol 6: AJUSTAMENT D’ALTITUD
| 186 | 1 | un concepte experimental de conreu interior anomenat aeroponia: Scientists first began plants in misted air in the 1920s to study root structure.For a history and overview of the method, Vegeu P. Gopinath et al., “Aeroponics Soilless Cultivation System for Vegetable Crops,” Chemical Science Review and Letters 6, no. 22 (2017): 838–849. |
| 188 | 2 | l’emperador romà Tiberi: H. S. Paris and J. Janick, “What the Roman Emperor Tiberius Grew in His Greenhouses,” Proceedings of the Ninth EUCARPIA Meeting on Genetics and Breeding of Cucurbitaceae, May 21–24, 2008. |
| 188 | 3 | les primeres estructures d’hivernacle amb vidre: Pamela D. Toler, Inventions in Architecture: From Stone Walls to Solar Panels (New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, 2017), ch. 5. |
| 189 | 4 | sostres de plàstic es poden veure des de l’espai: Tom Hall, “The Plastic Mosaic You Can Vegeu from Space: Spain’s Gree |